Cytokine profiles in conditioned medium (CM) from PMA-treated THP-1 macrophages.

<p>CM from PMA-treated THP-1 macrophages and M2-polarized THP-1 macrophages both had significantly lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (A), interleukin(IL)-1β (B), and IL-6 (C), and a higher level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (D) compared to those of M1-polarized THP-1 macrophages. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β were measured by ELISAs. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, <i>n</i> = 6. Means with different letters significantly differ (<i>p</i><0.05).