Verification of Pipelined Microprocessors by Comparing Memory Execution

Abstract. This paper extends Burch and Dill’s pipeline verification method [4] to the bit level. We introduce the idea of memory shadowing, a new technique for providing on-the-fly identical initial memory state to two different memory execution sequences. We also present an algorithm which compares the final states of two memories for equality. Memory shadowing and the com-parison algorithm build on the Efficient Memory Model (EMM) [13], a behavioral memory model where the number of symbolic variables used to characterize the initial state of a memory is proportional to the number of distinct symbolic locations accessed. These techniques allow us to verify that a pipelined circuit has equivalent behavior to its unpipelined specification by simu-lating two memory execution sequences and comparing their final states. Experimental results show the potential of the new ideas