Sound Field Synthesis for Audio Presentation

e use of loudspeaker arrays for audio presentation oers possibilities that go beyond conventional methods like Stereophony. In this article, we describe the use of loudspeaker arrays for sound!eld synthe-sis with a focus on the presentation of audio content to human listeners. Arrays of sensors and actuators have played an important role in various applications as powerful technologies that create or capture wave!elds for many decades (van Trees, 2002). In acoustics, the mathematical and system theoretical foundations of sensor and transducer arrays are closely related due to the reciprocity principle of the wave equation (Morse and Feshbach, 1981). "e latter states that sources and measurement points in a sound!eld can be interchanged. Beamforming tech-niques for microphone arrays are deployed on a large scale in commercial appli-cations (van Veen and Buckley, 1988). Similarly, arrays of elementary sources are standard in radio transmission (van Trees, 2002), underwater acoustics (Lynch et al., 1985), and ultrasonic applications (Pajek and Hynynen, 2012). When the ele-ments of such an array are driven with signals that di#er only with respect to thei