Familial associations of colorectal cancer with other cancers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a strong familial component which extends to discordant cancers (ie non-CRC tumors). This is best seen in cancer syndromes such as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) which predisposes to several tumor types. Population-based family studies have also found discordant associations for CRC but they have included cancers which manifest in HNPCC, and there is no convincing evidence of discordant associations beyond the known syndromes. We address familial associations of non-CRC tumors with CRC using the resources of the Swedish Family-Cancer Database and applying a powerful approach of assessing familial relative risks in families of increasing numbers of patients with discordant cancers. Among 1.8 million cancer patients and over 200,000 CRC cases consistent familial associations of CRC was observed for several HNPCC related cancers. However, for small intestinal, pancreatic and nervous system cancers RRs remained essentially unchanged when potential HNPCC families were excluded, suggesting involvement of genes not related to HNPCC. Two independent associations of CRC were found for melanoma, thyroid and eye cancers and these appeared not to be related to known syndromes. A number of other cancers associated with CRC in single analyses and independent studies are required to assess the relevance of such findings