Zhao dai xiao shao yu Qing dai gong ting yan ju yan jiu

本文以清代宮廷演劇制度的完善與興替、宮廷大戲《昭代簫韶》的創作與演出為中心，探討其中帝王性情、意識形態的投射與帝國形象的建構；試圖對宮廷演劇繁盛與變遷的原因、《昭代簫韶》文本與演出的意涵、宮廷與民間演劇的交流與影響等問題，作出新的解釋。現有研究強調清朝帝后喜好戲曲娛樂、宮廷舞臺壯麗輝煌，以及晚清宮廷演劇變革等等。本文認為，清代宮廷演劇實有更多豐富的內涵有待更深入的研討。帝后的倡導及參與，自是推動清代宮廷演劇繁盛的重要原因，但在滿足帝后娛樂的同時，宮廷演劇也用於朝廷儀典；戲曲教化與國家儀式的功能相互結合。清代宮廷演劇，在元明清雜劇傳奇及亂彈之外，還有適應現實需要而奉旨編演的大戲與節戲。宮廷大戲，規模龐大，情節複雜，排場繁縟，在中國戲曲史上十分獨特。創作於乾嘉之際的《昭代簫韶》，取材於明代演義小說《北宋志傳》，鋪寫楊家將輔宋抗遼事。通過特定情節與人物穿戴，《昭代簫韶》參與了清代正統華夷的論述，並含有重評歷史與訓諭臣民的深意。此部大戲將褒忠誅奸的昇仙入地與軍陣鬥法的神道描寫，與觀劇現場的君臣秩序相結合，形成舞臺上、下戲曲與現實的呼應，道德教化寓意明顯。本文對清代宮廷演劇制度變遷與宮廷大戲《昭代簫韶》演出史的考察，還特別關注戲曲在宮廷與民間的流動與影響。尤其是外學伶人進入與退出宮廷，使得宮廷伶人的規模與組成發生改變，這不僅影響到大戲的演出形式與藝術呈現，也使得宮廷演劇處於對外開放與吸收融合的狀態。清代戲劇便在宮廷、文人與民間三方面，均臻繁盛。Theatrical performance played an important role in the Qing court culture. This thesis discusses the evolution and change of the court theatre institution throughout the Qing Dynasty. In the contexts of court entertainment, political activities and cultural policy, the creation and performance history of the grand theatre piece, Zhaodai xiaoshao, or The Glorious Music of a Brilliant Age, from the Qianlong-Jiaqing to the Guangxu period serve as an adequate example. In this case study, we can explore the nature of the Qing emperors and Empress Dowager Cixi, state ideology and the construction of the Empire’s image.Most existing research in Qing court drama and theatre focuses on the Qing emperors’ great passion for theatre, the three-tiered grand stage in the imperial palace and the wealth of props and costumes, as well as the repertoire change in the late Qing, especially the formation and development of Jingju or Peking Opera. This thesis arguesthat given its rich contents and relevant contexts, the Qing court theatre deserves far more research both in breadth and in depth. The participation of the imperial power undoubtedly promoted court theatre. Theatrical performances at court became not only private entertainment for the imperial family; they also appeared in state ceremonies with special ritual significance. In addition, the grand plays like the 240-scened Glorious Music of a Brilliant Age projected the images and instructions of the emperorsto enlighten the subjects, for particular needs in political circumstances.The Glorious Music of a Brilliant Age was based on the story of the Yang Family Generals in the Northern Song Dynasty. Usingthe concept of destiny, the grand play established the plot in which Song defeated Liao and the Taizong of Song completed the unification of the Hans and non-Hans. This is not the real history. However, the play reflected the transition from the early Qing of the northern ethnic-group regime to the mid-Qing of the unified Chinese dynasty. It showed the Manchu emperors’ intent to construct a political orthodox position for their empire. Through the specific costumesof its characters, this history play revealed the ethnic and identity issues among the audience in the Qing court. It teaches the audience and later, readers to be loyal subjects.In the performance history of The Glorious Music of a Brilliant Age, it is also important to note the institutional evolution of the court theatre, especially the folk actors flowing inside and outside the court. These actors’ movement created opportunities for exchange between the court theatre and the public theatre. For instance, during the Hundred Days Reform, Zhaodai xiaoshao was adapted from its original Kun-Yi music to the Pihuang music under the command of the Empress Dowager Cixi to be performed by the eunuch actors and famous celebrities from the capital theatre. The adaptation and performances of this play, when closely examined, expressed the "ideal" parent-child and monarch-subject relationship which the Empress desired Emperor Guangxu to observe, given the reality of tension between the two at that time. In other words, the performances at court theatre often serve the political purpose of communication, indoctrination, as well as integration.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.胡光明.Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 255-281).Abstracts also in English.Hu Guangming