Origin of calretinin-containing, vesicular glutamate transporter 2-coexpressing fiber terminals in the entorhinal cortex of the rat

The entorhinal cortex of the rat (EC) contains a dense fiber plexus that expresses the calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR). Some CR fibers contain vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2, associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission). CR-VGluT2 coexpressing fibers may have an extrinsic origin, for instance, the midline thalamic nucleus reuniens. Alternatively, they may belong to cortical interneurons. We studied the first possibility with anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing methods combined with CR and VGluT2 immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning. The alternative possibility was studied with in situ hybridization fluorescence histochemistry for VGluT2 mRNA combined with CR immunofluorescence. In the anterograde tracing experiments, we observed many labeled reuniens fibers in EC expressing CR. Some of these labeled fibers contained immunoreactivity for VGluT2 and CR. In the complementary retrograde tracing experiments, we found retrogradely labeled cell bodies in nucleus reuniens of the thalamus that coexpressed CR. We also examined the colocalization of VGluT2 and CR in the entorhinal cortex by using in situ hybridization and CR immunofluorescence. In these experiments, we observed CR-immunopositive cortical neurons that coexpressed VGluT2. For the same sections, with CR as the principal marker and parvalbumin as a control marker, we found that parvalbumin neurons were negative for VGluT2 mRNA. Thus, CR-VGluT2-expressing axon terminals in EC belong to two sources: projection fibers from the thalamus and axon collaterals of local interneurons. VGluT2 expression is linked to the synaptic transmission of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, so these thalamic CR-VGluT2 projection neurons and entorhinal CR-VGluT2 interneurons should be regarded as excitatory