Health Insurance Reforms and Health Policies in Rural China

Since the early 2000s, the Chinese government has undertaken a series of reforms in the health sector. Among these, the threemost important have been concerned with medical insurance, hospital administration, and pharmaceutical policies. The aims of these reformswere to extend health insurance coverage, to increase the activities and the efficiency of the health establishments, and to improve patientcare. This article focuses on two components of these reforms: the development of health insurance in rural areas and the policy on essentialmedicines in conjunction with hospital reforms. Our longstanding co-operation with a research team from Weifang University and with the WeifangHealth Bureau allowed us to follow these reforms and collect data (primary source) from a sample of township hospitals from WeifangPrefecture. Those data allowed us to study their effects on health facilities' level of activity and efficiency. This article provides an overview ofstudies we carried out on these issues over the period from 2000 to 2012. Our analyses were mainly based on non-parametric models (Data EnvelopmentAnalysis, Malmquist Index, and partial frontiers) and impact analyses, coupled with interviews with hospital staff and medical authorities.Results show that the development of health insurance in rural areas had a positive effect in greatly increasing the activities of thehospitals covered by our study. On the other hand, it did not have a positive influence on their efficiency, which declined in the period concerned.This result is to be explained by the fact that, even though staff activity increased, it remained low, since the observed increase in activitywas not sufficient to make up for the parallel increase in staff numbers. Similarly, reforms in the hospital and pharmaceutical sectors had noeffect on the township hospitals of our survey. In fact, in order to compensate for the observed reduction of hospital resources following the introductionof the reforms, on the one hand the government increased the subsidies allocated to township hospitals, and on the other hand thehospitals strongly innovated in sophisticated and expensive care, to the benefit of a relatively small number of patients. Therefore, there weresome very positive steps forward, but they still call for a more nuanced assessment of the effects of the reforms