[[alternative]]Analysis of Buddhism in South-America--Development of Fo Guang Shan's Humanistic Buddhism in Brazil

[[abstract]] 有鑒於研究者旅居海外多年的經驗，試圖透過本文闡述佛光山人間佛教在巴西的發展，以人間佛教的基本思想為基礎、敘述當地佛教現況為背景、文化差異的洞察為主軸，分析佛光山在巴西的別院「如來寺」發展的現況、困難與展望。 巴西的歷史有其獨特的發展脈絡，無論是社會結構、人文思想都受到「外來」的影響，因此，它是一個融合了不同種族、文化背景的大冶洪爐。文人政府時期的巴西受到全球化的帶動，陸續接受來自各地的移民。本論文所要闡述的即是由亞洲移民所引進的佛教信仰，尤其將著墨於佛光山人間佛教對當地社會的影響。 本論文在第一章緒論先將研究動機、目的、方法先行說明及界定研究範圍，並提出與本論文相關的文獻探討。第二章提出星雲大師與當代人間佛教與時俱進，提倡傳統與現代之融和的理念與實踐。第三章試圖針對各國家、各宗派在巴西推動佛教的歷史與發展作介紹。第四章以南美洲巴西如來寺為例，探討目前弘法狀況、活動項目、課程規劃等，從文化教育、弘法修持、本土化佈教方式和其它宗教互動等多個面向。第五章以佛光山人間佛教在巴西的永續經營，客觀探討如何改進及加強的需求，對星雲大師人間佛教思想特質以及在巴西的弘法成果作深入而詳細的分析，對佛教的永續發展提供實證的參考線索。最後第六章結論與建議，檢討本論文研究結果，並做一個總結，對於未來研究提出建議。 人間佛教的本土化是以圓融、奉獻、友好、尊重包容，不排斥其本土信仰為原則，是將理念活用在生活中，提供實用的生活藥方。以文化、教育來培養人才，宣傳教義，只要對「人」的道德倫理有益、生活品質提升，從思想見解上改造人心，這才是根本之道。[[abstract]] This article attempts to discuss on the development in Brazil, of Humanistic Buddhism as practiced in Fo Guang Shan, and is based on the researcher’s experiences gained from many years of living in Brazil. The article uses the basic thoughts of Humanistic Buddhism as the foundation, describes the local Buddhist context, focuses on the impact of cultural differences, and provides a current analysis of Zu Lai Temple (a branch temple of Fo Guang Shan in Brazil), the challenges it faces and the future possibilities. Brazilian history has had a unique development, all components of its social structure, and the field of humanities received a “external” influences, and was influenced by the interactions and merging of different races and cultural contexts. The present paper will discuss on Buddhism, the faith and way of life that was introduced by the Asian immigrants, and it will especially focus on the influence of Fo Guang Shan Humanistic Buddhism on the local society. The first chapter presents the motivation, the goal, the method and the limits for the research, and reviews related literature. Second chapter presents the ideal and practice of Humanistic Buddhism advocated by Venerable Master Hsing Yun as contemporary thinking, that combines harmoniously both traditional and modern ideas. Third chapter attempts to review the efforts of various countries and sects, to influence the historical development and spread of Buddhism, and focuses on the development of Buddhism in Brazil. Fourth chapter presents Zu Lai Temple as an example, discusses its present condition and its efforts to propagate Buddhism, the active projects, the plan for classes and so on, with particular focus on the key components of culture, education, the spread of Dharma and spiritual practices, the localization methods and interactions with other religions. Fifth chapter focuses on the long term development of Fo Guang Shan Humanistic Buddhism in Brazil, with discussions on objective improvements and demands for higher levels of development, as well as a detailed analysis of Venerable Master Hsing Yun’s unique thoughts and goals, that provides the real diagnosis as a guide for future actions. Finally the sixth chapter presents the conclusion and suggestions, a self-critique of the findings of this research, a summary of the research findings, and discusses the implication of these findings for future research. The localization of Humanistic Buddhism was achieved in a harmonious manner, it was offered in a friendly way that showed respect and tolerance, it did not antagonize the native believe system, but using the teaching as a practical recipe through daily life. Cultivating talents through cultural and education, orientated by Buddha’s teaching, as long as the practice benefits human moral ethics, improves the quality of life, to transform people’s mind by comphreending the meaning of it, which is the definite way of Humanistic Buddhism