Management Practices Surrounding Program Professionals in US and European Foundations

The author provides a detailed account of the work of foundation program managers and describes what personal qualities and professional competencies it requires to perform such work effectively. In addition, this paper suggests that a gap exists between the skills that some program professionals bring to their foundation positions and the skills needed to effect long-term change in fields - indirectly, as foundations necessarily must do. Accordingly, the author holds that foundations as output organizations must develop internal management as well as leadership capabilities in fields