CO-dark gas and molecular filaments in Milky Way-type galaxies

We use the moving mesh code arepo coupled to a time-dependent chemical network to investigate molecular gas in simulated spiral galaxies that is not traced by CO emission. We calculate H2 and CO column densities, and estimate the CO emission and CO–H2 conversion factor. We find that in conditions akin to those in the local interstellar medium, around 42 per cent of the total molecular mass should be in CO-dark regions, in reasonable agreement with observational estimates. This fraction is almost insensitive to the CO-integrated intensity threshold used to discriminate between CO-bright and CO-dark gas. The CO-dark molecular gas primarily resides in extremely long (>100 pc) filaments that are stretched between spiral arms by galactic shear. Only the centres of these filaments are bright in CO, suggesting that filamentary molecular clouds observed in the Milky Way may only be small parts of much larger structures. The CO-dark molecular gas mainly exists in a partially molecular phase which accounts for a significant fraction of the total disc mass budget. The dark gas fraction is higher in simulations with higher ambient UV fields or lower surface densities, implying that external galaxies with these conditions might have a greater proportion of dark ga