Two row barley (Hordeum distichum) is documented by written sources in Europe since Antiquity. On the other hand, archaeobotany keeps peculiarly silent about this cereal. This paper presents the discovery of carbonised grain concentrations on two Roman period sites : Le Villard, in Auvergne, and Bourbousson III, in the Rhône valley. It shows two row barley growing during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD and allows the discussion, using archaeobotanical and written data, of its role within Gallo-roman agriculture. Of special interest is spring sowing of two row barley in Bourbousson III, complementing winter naked wheat cultivation. Identification criteria are also presented and risks of errors more peculiar to archaeobotanical studies are stres...