Clausius formula and the Second law in the process of thermalization

An adiabatic thermalization between $n$ bodies is an irreversible process, leading to a rise in the total entropy of the bodies and yields a final common temperature $T_F$. We express the Clausius formula that computes the entropy change between the initial non-equilibrium state and the final equilibrium state, using another equilibrium state of the $n$ bodies for the given initial entropy, that corresponds to a temperature $T_f$. The second law inequality follows from the fact $T_f < T_F$, under the assumption of positive heat capacities of the bodies. We derive this inequality for the discrete case of $n$ bodies as well as the continuum case of an unequally heated rod. As an example, we illustrate our results for the case of temperature-independent heat capacity.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figur