NLRC4~associated autoinflammatory diseases: A systematic review of the current literature

International audienceThe auto-inflammatory diseases linked to NLRC4~mutations are recently described entities. Transmission is autosomal dominant in 80~% of cases; cases of somatic mutation have already been reported. The disease may display two very different clinical phenotypes: the phenotype 1 (30~%), severe, is dominated by a multisystemic inflammation starting in the first year of life with symptoms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), macrophagic actication syndrome (MAS), or even a presentation suggesting a cryopyrinopathy in its CINCA form; the mortality of this phenotype is high (25~%). The phenotype 2 (70~%), mild, usually starts after the age of 3~and is characterized by cold urticaria, arthralgia, ocular features and fever in 50~% of cases without visceral failure. Anti-interleukin-1~inhibitors are effective in most cases (83~%). Interleukin-18 (IL-18) levels are very high in both clinical forms. Interleukin-18~inhibitors and anti-interferon-gamma inhibitors were remarkably effective in two very severe phenotype 1~patients. Thus, NLRC4~mutations can induce various clinical manifestations with two distinct phenotypes. Although still rare, because very recently described, this group of diseases could be evoked by an internist in front of cold familial urticarial; probably more and more cases will be diagnosed thanks to the major progresses of genetic diagnostic tools such as next generation sequencing