Monitoring systems with extended live sequence charts

A problem with most runtime verification techniques is that the monitoring specification formalisms are often complex. In this paper, we propose an extension of live sequence charts (LSCs) which avoids this problem. We extend the standard LSCs as proposed by Damm and Harel by introducing the notion of sufficient prechart, and by adding concatenation and iteration of charts. With these extended LSCs, necessary and sufficient conditions of certain statements can be intuitively specified. Moreover, similar as for message sequence charts, sequencing and iteration allow to express multiple scenarios. We give a translation of extended LSCs into linear temporal logic formulae, and develop online monitoring algorithms for traces with respect to extended LSCs. We use our algorithm to test a concrete example from the European Train Control System (ETCS) standard, and evaluate it on several benchmarks. The results show the feasibility of our approach