In the heart, cyclic AMP (cAMP) is the second messenger responsible for the positive chronotropic, inotropic, and dromotropic effects of sympathetic stimulation. Its intracellular concentration is finely regulated by the balance between its synthesis by adenylyl cyclases and its degradation by phosphodiesterases (PDE). Although acute stimulation of the β-adrenergic receptor pathway is beneficial to the heart, chronic activation is deleterious and leads to long-term heart failure (HF). There are several cAMP effectors, including the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac). Epac exists in two isoforms: Epac1 and Epac2. Epac1 is the dominant isoform in the heart and its expression is increased in the failing heart, thus constituting...