Comparison of polymeric siRNA nanocarriers in a murine LPS-activated macrophage cell line: gene silencing, toxicity and off-target gene expression

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a key role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis and is an important target for anti-rheumatic therapies. TNF-alpha expression can be silenced with small interfering RNA (siRNA), but efficacy is dependent on efficient and safe siRNA delivery vehicles. We aimed to identify polymeric nanocarriers for anti-TNF-alpha siRNA with optimal efficacy and minimal off-target effects in vitro. TNF-alpha silencing with polymeric siRNA nanocarriers was compared in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Expression of non-target genes involved in inflammation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression was determined by RT-PCR, toxicity evaluated by propidium iodide and annexin V staining. PAMAM dendrimers (G4 and G7) and dextran nanogels mediated remarkably high concentration-dependent gene silencing and low toxicity; dioleoyltrimethylammoniumpropane-modified poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide acid) nanoparticles, thiolated, trimethylated chitosan and poly[(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide 1-methyl-2-piperidine methanol] polyplexes were less efficient transfectants. There were minor changes in the regulation of off-target genes, mainly dependent on nanocarrier and siRNA concentration. Dextran nanogels and PAMAM dendrimers mediated high gene silencing with minor toxicity and off-target transcriptional changes and are therefore expected to be suitable siRNA delivery systems in vivo