Hazards and Risks of Automated Passenger Ferry Operations in Norway

This paper describes the hazards and mitigation of risks for operating automated ferries in sheltered waters in Norway. Two cases have been explored, one with max 25Pax (persons on board) close to shore, and another involving fjord crossing with max 130Pax. The approach is based on the formal safety assessment FSA framework specified by IMO (International Maritime Organization). The first step has been a Hazard Identification-HAZID in collaboration with key stakeholders (manufacturers, maritime authority, operators, and researchers), based on action research, building on experience and risk perception of the stakeholders. The HAZIDs have been based on prior incidents, safety critical task analysis, and hazards that may impact personnel safety and security. We have identified key areas of concern: Fire, Collision/Grounding, Man Overboard, Evacuation, or Ferry capsizes. We have suggested design approaches/measures to reduce probabilities of hazards occurrence and/or mitigate consequences. Challenges of non-failsafe situations must be handled through emergency response centres, and mobilization of passengers.publishedVersio