Schematic of the classical SEIRD and testing-SEIRD models.

(A) Classical SEIRD model: An infectious population “I” exposes a susceptible population “S” at a rate inversely proportional to the infectious population. The exposed population “E” becomes infectious “I.” The infected population finally recovers “R” or is dead “D.” (B) Testing-SEIRD model: The population is divided into two subpopulations; inside and outside the hospital. The exposed “Eo” and the infectious population outside “Io” are hospitalized if evaluated as positive after testing. A susceptible population “Sh” remains at the hospitals. The black lines indicate population transitions, regardless of the capacity effect. The blue lines indicate population transition, considering the capacity effect. Transitions from “Eo” to “Eh” and “Io” to “Ih” are categorized as hospitalized.