Following the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident that occurred on March 11, 2011, radionuclides such as radioactive isotopes of cesium, uranium and plutonium were released into the environment. 20% of the radioactivity was deposited on Northeastern Japan catchments, especially under the form of microparticles produced within the reactor or during the explosions. During this thesis, the investigation of plutonium in the Ukedo catchment showed a signature associated with the global fallout, as along with a decrease over time in the plutonium content of sediment transported by this river. Only characterisation methods conducted at the particle scale can remove the dilution effect of global fallout and determine the sources of acti...