Geology, petrochemistry, and genesis of the bimodal lavas of Osham Hill, Saurashtra, northwestern Deccan Traps

The Saurashtra region in the northwestern Deccan continental flood basalt province (India) is notable for compositionally diverse volcano-plutonic complexes and abundant rhyolites and granophyres. A lava flow sequence of rhyolite–pitchstone–basaltic andesite is exposed in Osham Hill in western Saurashtra. The Osham silicic lavas are Ba-poor and with intermediate Zr contents compared to other Deccan rhyo- lites. The Osham silicic lavas are enriched in the light rare earth elements, and have eNd (t = 65 Ma) values between -3.1 and -6.5 and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70709–0.70927. The Osham basaltic andesites have initial eNd values between +2.2 and -1.3, and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70729–0.70887. Large- ion-lithophile element concentrations and Sr isotopic ratios may have been affected somewhat by weath- ering; notably, the Sr isotopic ratios of the silicic and mafic rocks overlap. However, the Nd isotopic data indicate that the silicic lavas are significantly more contaminated by continental lithosphere than the mafic lavas. We suggest that the Osham basaltic andesites were derived by olivine gabbro fractionation from low-Ti picritic rocks of the type found throughout Saurashtra. The isotopic compositions, and the similar Al2O3 contents of the Osham silicic and mafic lavas, rule out an origin of the silicic lavas by frac- tional crystallization of mafic liquids, with or without crustal assimilation. As previously proposed for some Icelandic rhyolites, and supported here by MELTS modelling, the Osham silicic lavas may have been derived by partial melting of hot mafic intrusions emplaced at various crustal depths, due to heating by repetitively injected basalts. The absence of mixing or mingling between the rhyolitic and basaltic andes- ite lavas of Osham Hill suggests that they reached the surface via separate pathways