Complications of coronary artery disease are the number one cause of death worldwide, so identification of high-risk individuals is crucial. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) is a candidate cardiac-risk related biomarker, which has been linked to poorer outcome in various cardiovascular patients. Especially, the free form of PAPP-A (fPAPP-A) is linked to cardiovascular events, but thus far no direct assay detecting fPAPP-A has been published. Most available assays measure total PAPP-A and are widely used in prenatal screening where high concentration changes occur. Thus, cardiac-related slight fPAPP-A changes might be undetectable with total PAPP-A assays. Also, PAPP-A is released to circulation after heparin treatment, which i...