Pesantren Salaf is one of the traditional institutions that was born from the culture of Nusantara. Their educational systems do not experience significant changes from the ancient times to this modern era. They even maintained the Salafiyah system that tends to be conservative. Therefore, this study aims to find out the factors that make Pesantren Salaf persist with their traditional systems in the midst of this modern era, and to understand what efforts they need to struggle with to face the challenges. This is a qualitative research using a case study approach. Based on the data analysis results, conclusions are obtained regarding the survival of the Pesantren Salaf, which is caused by several factors: 1) the roles that are in accordance...