Narrative Devices of Refined Changdiao in the Song Dynasty: Focusing on Zhou Bangyan, Jiang Kui and Wu Wenying

宣和七年（1126）秋，金國南下攻打北宋，享祚一百餘年的北宋政權就此土崩瓦解。靖康二年（1127）春，宋徽宗、欽宗被金人押解由汴京一路北上至五國城，開始了長達十餘年的囚禁生活，史稱「北狩」。本文以「北狩」這一歷史事件為研究對象，探討兩宋之際的國難敘事及北狩的歷史記憶。北狩的書寫是對帝王蒙塵的書寫。首先，本文探討靖康之變及北狩是如何顛覆傳統的帝王敘事，而後在國難的書寫與集體記憶中，又是如何重新建構帝王權力與帝國的秩序的。北宋滅亡，社會動蕩，華夷秩序再調整，文學敘事中呈現出對王權的認同危機。世變中的儀式展演呈現出王權瓦解的過程。民間文學中通過重塑帝王形象來展現亡國反思，通過帝王與天命的敘事寓言國家命運。南宋建立後，宋高宗利用北狩的讖應敘事塑造自身形象，取得政權合法性，重構華夷體系。北狩的遷徙不僅是宋帝的放逐史，也是以女性為主體的貢品遷移史。被俘虜的女性作為戰俘進獻至金國。本文關注性別角色與國難敘事的關係，討論女性形象在世變中的意義、道德選擇與情感、對性別界限的挑戰等。她們被迫走出閨房，見證國難並述說流離。故宋女子寄託著士人的懷舊、哀悼、自辯與政治反思。在世變與離亂中，「貞節」成為一種政治話語，女性以此而進入政治史的書寫中。女性、身體等主題在國變敘事中成為華夷對峙與道德論述的象徵符號。國難敘事中展現了對烈女、貞女、女鬼等形象的塑造，展現了男性士大夫對於性別的世變想像。北狩是由中原遷往異域的旅程，二帝、北行女性、從亡與使金士大夫皆由於異域而產生身份與觀念上的轉變。華夷之辨的書寫牽扯出文化與政治交織下的族群認同與身份認同。北狩之人實寫異域創傷經驗，而南渡之人則建構異域想像，二者間的差異與互動展現了不同身份與處境下故宋之人的需求。在異域中，歷史、傳說與記憶間的互動為北狩書寫提供了新的素材。徽欽二帝的這段異域之行，雖名為「北狩」，卻實為流放。屈辱的歷史給南宋民眾留下難以磨滅的創傷。為保護皇族宗室的隱秘，正史中對宋帝北狩的記載一筆帶過，而正是由於這段歷史的不確定性，才為後世的書寫提供了大量抒情、想像與敘事空間，在書寫與衍異中形成了獨特的「北狩」記憶。In 1126, Jin Dynasty went south and attacked Song Dynasty, and it ended with the disintegration of Northern Song. After the fall of Kaifeng, Emperor Huizong and Qinzong of Song Dynasty were forced to leave the capital city, Bianjing and endured captivity by the Jurchen, which called “Beishou” (北狩). Taking “Beishou” (北狩) as the research object, this essay makes an introduction about national calamity and historical memories during the transition of dynasties.The words about “Beishou” (北狩) introduces the process of emperor's exile. This paper is not just a story of imperial anecdotes that had subverted the original government, but also a change of the dominant position between the Song and Jin Dynasty. The ritual performances between the Northern and Southern Song showed the process of the disintegration of imperial power. After the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong gained the legitimacy to reconstructe the dignity of a declining dynasty through reshaping his own historical image. The imagistic signs which appeared on Gaozong when confronting the Jurchen indicates Gaozong’s identity as the redeemer for rescuing the Song royal court.“Beishou” (北狩) was not only the history of exile of Song Emperor, but also the history of tribute migration with female as the main body. Women captives were brought to the Jin as prisoners of war. This essay also discusses the association between women and national trauma. On one hand, women in Northern Song are presented as the manifestations and the cause of national calamity. On the other hand, they also marked the memory of a prosperous age with their lives in the court and palace city. Due to the tension between shame and nostalgia, male voices are hidden behind feminine diction. In this historical chaos, writing of chastity of abducted women has become a widespread political discourse. Female body has become a controversial image in the narrative of the national revolution, where a variety of portrayals of martyrs, virgins, female ghosts, etc. emerged. Male voices tend to cross gender boundaries to show heroic transformation of women, through which to express obscure emotions and aspirations.The migration from Capital Bian to the Jin Palace means the central civilization of the Song dynasty was moved to nomadic lands where all the Song migrators were faced with the reversal of identity and obscurity of perception. People to the north focused on traumatic experience in Jin dominance, while people to the south structured exotic imagination. Their writing shows the interweaving of culture and politics, declaring the interaction between history, legend and memory.“Beishou”(北狩) was actually an exile. To conceal secrets and humiliation of the royal clan, the official documents about the Northern Expedition are brief, which conversely providing imagination for the readers. Taking history as a narrative, this essay mentions poetry, essays, fictional narratives of several forms, in which the victim , the witness, and the mourner lament the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty.歐陽德穎.M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2021.Includes bibliographical references (leaves )Abstracts in English and ChineseTitle from PDF title page (viewed on …