مغرب میں اسلوبیاتی تنقیدکی روایت: آغازو ارتقا: THE TRADITION OF STYLISTIC CRITICISM IN THE WEST: THE BEGINNING OF EVOLUTION

Stylistics is emerged as a branch of linguistics and literary criticism in the second half oftwentieth century. Viewed in its historical perspective, stylistics may be said the outcome of a paradigm shift. Application of objective and analytical method of inquiry are its distinctive features. The term stylistics was introduced by Charles Bally. In fifties of twentieth century a number of conferences were being held in America and Europe to present different approaches about linguistic stylistics. Roman Jackobson pointed out the similarities between linguistics and Poetics. The Hallidayan model of transformational systemic grammerofferdstylisticians a new perspective on the language of literature.Fowler presents a new descriptive sociolinguistic stylistics which studies literature as social discourse. Enkvist’s theories of “Deviation from the norm” and “choice between Alternative expressions” brought new perspective in the field of linguistic criticism. Dell hymes’s“sound symbolism” and Leech’s “Foregrounding” and “cohesion” introduced practical methods of interpretation to the literary text. The developing discipline of sociolingustics, inter personal function of language and as a result of growing emphasis on communicative aspect of language, many other functional based linguistic theories are developing under the discipline of stylistics