Innervation of equine airways

Equine obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or heaves or recurrent airway obstruction, is a common equine pulmonary disease similar to human asthma and/or CODP. Since bronchospasm and inflammation are the key features in heaves, the purpose of this paper is to review the contribution of neural mechanism that may be relevant to this disease. Equine airway receive cholinergic and adrenergic innervation, as well as observed in many species. It was suggested that the autonomic neural control in asthma might be defective with an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory pathways, resulting in excessively twitchy airways. Moreover, the recognition that, in addition to classical adrenergic and cholinergic pathway there are non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic inhibitory (iNANC) and excitatory (eNANC) innervation and many mediators, which have potent effects on airway function, has revived interest in neural control of airway.[...