Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of an aggressive neoplasm of CD4+ T-cells termed adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and a neurodegenerative disease termed tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). To better understand the pathways controlling HTLV-1 infection, persistence and transformation, our laboratory is investigating the interplay between the virus and the cellular microRNA (miRNA) network. This study was focused on miR-34a, which is known as a tumor suppressor in other contexts, but is highly expressed in HTLV-1 infected cell lines, newly infected PBMCs and ATLL samples. Further studies of HTLV-1-infected cell lines C91PL and MT-2 treated with the NF-κB inhibitor Ba...