INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of illness and death throughout the world. A principal feature of COPD is a limitation of airflow that is not fully reversible and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response in the small airways and alveoli. The principal abnormalities in small airways are the presence of an inflammatory cellular infiltrate and a tissue remodelling that thickens the airway wall, thereby reducing airway diameter and increasing resistance to flow. Moving beyond the original protease/anti-protease hypothesis, T-lymphocytes have been identified as a key component of the inflammatory response, thus introducing the concept that adaptive immunity may be centrally involved in the ...