Flavonoids from italian multifloral honeys reduce the extracellular ferricyanide in human red blood cells

Mitochondria accumulate large amounts of quercetin: prevention of mitochondrial damage and release upon oxidation of the extramitochondrial fraction of the flavonoid Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid producing beneficial effects for the human health, via scavenging of reactive oxygen species/metal chelation and stimulation/inhibition of enzyme activities/signal transduction pathways. While the hierarchy and relevance of these effects is not yet fully appreciated, it appears obvious that its accumulation in specific subcellular compartments might dictate the specificity of the effects mediated by the flavonoid. Quercetin uptake in Jurkat cells is extremely rapid and associated with a remarkable accumulation of the flavonoid, dependent on its binding to intracellular components. Cell-associated quercetin is biologically active, quantitatively consumed to promote survival in the presence of reactive species, such as peroxynitrite (ONOO−), or reduction of extracellular oxidants via activation of plasma membrane oxidoreductases. In alternative, quercetin is very slowly released upon post-incubation in drug-free medium, an event significantly accelerated by extracellular albumin. Quercetin uptake is also observed in isolated mitochondria, resulting in an enormous accumulation of the flavonoid, consumed under conditions associated with prevention of lipid peroxidation induced by ONOO−. Interestingly, remarkable quercetin accumulation is also detected in the mitochondria isolated from quercetin-pre-loaded cells, and exposure to either ONOO− or extracellular oxidants caused the parallel loss of both the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of the flavonoid. In conclusion, Jurkat cells accumulate large amounts of quercetin and even larger amounts of the flavonoid further accumulate in their mitochondria. Intramitochondrial quercetin appears to be functional for prevention of mitochondrial damage as well as for redistribution to the cytosol, when the fraction of the flavonoid therein retained is progressively consumed either by cell-permeant oxidants or by activation of plasma membrane oxidoreductases, thereby implying that mitochondria represent a reservoir of biologically active quercetin