This thesis contributes to the literature on the endogenous relationship between the health status of a population and the economic development of a nation. We focus on a wide phenomenon touching many low-income countries: malaria. Firstly, we propose to rethink the economic analysis of malaria by combining economic epidemiology tools with the poverty trap literature. The endogeneity of malaria with respect to households and individuals socioeconomic characteristics and choices remains a particularly relevant and unresolved issue. In spite of massive efforts to generalize efficient prevention (such as ITNs), malaria remains prevalent in many countries. We design a theoretical model of rational preventive behaviors in response to the disease...