Is life an emergent phenomenon? Is life a case where truly novel properties appear at the level of a whole, such properties being irreducible to the properties and organization of the components of this whole, or unpredictable on the basis of these same elements? The philosophical notion of emergence owes much to 19th century philosophers and has evolved in close relationship with the problem of the essence of life and the problem of its origins: life would result neither from a vital force nor from a mechanical process but would be an emergent phenomenon (Mill 1843, Lewes 1875, Broad 1925). Today, after several decades of observational, theoretical and experimental work, very sophisticated physico-chemical scenarios try to account for the ...