International audienceThe lack of tax legal certainty causes costs and affects economic activities. The paper deals with the way by which economic analysis takes into account this dimension of tax law and tax processes. We look first at optimal taxation theory, but we show that according to this approach tax can be seen as an additional cost without any coercive aspects. For more recent researches, taxation causes efficiency costs. But we argue that efficiency costs due to the taxation processes and transaction costs due to the lack of legal certainty in taxation must be differentiated. It is the reason why we argue that an economic analysis of tax law is necessary.L'insécurité fiscale engendre des coûts et affecte les activités économiques...