Miniaturized, versatile and sensitive tools, biochips are a new kind of instrument which is very promising to search for life in the Solar System. They can detect a wide range of organic molecules, and also bacteria, with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. Biochips are actually very used for medical and environmental purposes but instruments based on biochip have not been designed yet for a space mission. To adapt a biochip to the space environment, it is necessary to study carefully the space constraints effects on its components.This thesis makes part of the BiOMAS (Biochip for Organic Matter Analysis in Space) project, funded by the french space agency (CNES), which aims to develop a biochip dedicated to space. The main object...