Development of an Aptamer-Conjugated Polyrotaxane-Based Biodegradable Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agent for Tumor-Targeted Imaging

Gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents with biodegradability, biosafety, and high efficiency are highly desirable for tumor diagnosis. Herein, a biodegradable, AS1411-conjugated, alpha-cyclodextrin polyrotaxane-based MRI contrast agent (AS1411-G2(DTPA-Gd)-SS-PR) was developed for targeted imaging of cancer. The polyrotaxane-based contrast agent was achieved by the complexation of alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) and a linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain containing disulfide linkages at two terminals. The disulfides enable the dethreading of the polyrotaxane into excretable small units due to cleavage of the disulfide linkages by reducing agents such as intracellular glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, the second-generation lysine dendron conjugated with gadolinium chelates and AS1411, a G-quadruplex oligonucleotide that has high binding affinity to nucleolin generally presenting a high level on the surface of tumor cells, coupled to the alpha-CD via click chemistry. The longitudinal relaxivity of AS1411-G2(DTPA-Gd)-SS-PR (11.7 mM(-1) s(-1)) was two times higher than the clinically used Gd-DTPA (4.16 mM(-1) s(-1)) at 0.5 T. The in vitro degradability was confirmed by incubating with 10 mM 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT). Additionally, the cytotoxicity, histological assessment, and gadolinium retention studies showed that the prepared polyrotaxane-based contrast agent had a superior biocompatibility and was predominantly cleared renally without long-term accumulation toxicity. Importantly, AS1411-G2(DTPA-Gd)-SS-PR displayed the enhanced performance in MRI of breast cancer cells in vitro as well as a subcutaneous breast tumor in vivo due to the targeting ability of the AS1411 aptamer. The enhanced performance was due to efficient multivalent interactions with tumor cells, producing faster accumulation and longer contrast imaging time at the tumor site. This work clearly confirms that the specially designed and fabricated alpha-CD-based polyrotaxane is a promising contrast agent with an excellent contrast imaging performance and biosafety for tumor MR imaging.