There is no shortage of challenges in school education. Some of the biggest challenges we face can appear frustratingly intractable. Despite reform efforts, regular government reviews and ongoing calls for change, progress in addressing our most significant challenges is often slow and solutions continue to elude us. In this paper Professor Geoff Masters discusses five significant challenges facing school education. Equipping students for the 21st Century, including by increasing reading, mathematical and scientific literacy levels; Reducing disparities between Australia\u27s schools, particularly along socioeconomic lines, by ensuring that every student has access to an excellent school and excellent teaching; Reducing the ‘long tail’...