The article is devoted to the aesthetic concepts of the Polish philosopher and pedagogical theorist, Stefan Szuman (1898-1972). Szuman’s interest in the work of children and folk art was in line with the shift towards the “primitive” in European culture at the beginning of the 20th century, which resulted from the critical assessment of the processes of modernization and longings for regeneration, as well as from the anthropological research on the structure of primitive societies and their creativity. Like Franz Boas, who in his theory of primitive art rejected the evolutionist model and the identification of “primitive” with a lower stage of development, Szuman emphasized the specificity of children’s creativity and folk art. Referring to...