In this work, we design a novel game-theoretical framework capable of capturing the defining aspects of quantum theory. We introduce an original model and an algorithmic procedure that enables to express measurement scenarios encountered in quantum mechanics as multiplayer games and to translate physical notions of causality, correlation, and contextuality to particular aspects of game theory. Furthermore, inspired by the established correspondence, we investigate the causal consistency of games in extensive form with imperfect information from the quantum perspective and we conclude that counterfactual dependencies should be distinguished from causation and correlation as a separate phenomenon of its own. Most significantly, we deduce that...