The Temporal Constitution of Democracies

Final version published as: Andreas Schäfer, Wolfgang Merkel: The Temporal Constitution of Democracies. In: The Oxford Handbook of Time and Politics. Edited by Klaus H. Goetz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019 (and ongoing). DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190862084.013.2The specific institutionalization of time is a major defining element of democracies and a vulnerable condition of their stability and legitimacy. The first part of the chapter covers the regular temporal routines of democratic systems. In the synchronic dimension, it considers the time requirements of democratic practices and examines the timed relationship between different levels and actors of the democratic system. In the diachronic dimension, the chapter asks for the time horizons that temporal constitutions of democracies create for political actors—related to future expectations and to past experiences. The second part of the chapter turns to time challenges democracies face today. First, it addresses the issue of social acceleration that goes along with potential vulnerabilities and adaptabilities of democratic systems. Second, the chapter discusses problems created by situations of crisis in states of emergency and in democratic transitions. Based on that, the chapter draws some conclusions for future research.Peer Reviewe