The risk of a large- scale oil spill remains significant as international maritime operations continue to grow globally. Oil spill risks can be considered as complex socio-ecological risks characterized by high levels of uncertainty and ambiguity, i.e. different understandings and perceptions of risks, and societal values. As a result, assessing and managing oil spill risks is challenging. As with other socio-ecological risks, science and scientific knowledge plays an invaluable role in the governance of oil spill risks. However, the role of natural sciences and technical expertise in risk governance is increasingly scrutinized; quantitative risk models and assessments alone are no longer seen as sufficient in addressing the highly valu...