Ethology applied to the management of behavioural disorders is naturally based on fundamental ethology. The scientific bases are essential to avoid being misled into unfounded and non-validated models. In the particular case of dogs, a species which evolved in close proximity to man, has been domesticated for a very long time, and has been subject to many selections, the main focus for the ethologist should be the study of the interactions between humans and dogs. Research applied to pets should therefore lead to a better understanding of their welfare, specific ethological needs, and individual coping skills in an environment defined by and for humans. The clinician must use objective ethological data to identify the causes of poor welfare...