Over the last three decades, seismologists have been successful in probing the Earth's internal structure using copious seismic records gathered at its very surface. Widely known as seismic tomography, one of its central goals is to construct three-dimensional elastic models of the Earth using various inversion strategies tailored to the type of seismic data used. A remaining challenge however is the interpretation of the inherent heterogeneities in its elastic structure in terms of several physical properties (e.g., density, chemical/mineralogical composition, temperature) and of the ubiquity of large-scale anisotropy that are crucial to understand plate tectonics and mantle dynamics. For instance, long-wavelength seismic anisotropy observ...