O estupro como estratégia de guerra em conflitos armados: a experiência do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a antiga Iugoslávia nos casos de violência de gênero: The rape as a war strategy in armed conflicts: an experience of the International Criminal Court for old Yugoslavia in the cases of gender violence

Abstract: Violence against women is an old practice and over time, crimes of a sexual nature have been further naturalized in domestic and international conflicts, where the situation of vulnerability is felt even more bluntly by women who are sexually assaulted. The twentieth century was marked by conflicts such as that of the former Yugoslavia, known as one of the milestones of the legal discussion on violence against women as an international crime. In this sense, the present article aims to study how crimes of a sexual nature against women were used as a strategy of war in the armed conflict in the former Yugoslavia in order to demoralize and destroy a population. With the incorporation of gender into the jurisprudence of the court, the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia typifies crimes of sexual violence as a crime against humanity and war crimes. The practice of these crimes is much more than the simple practice of oppression of a vulnerable group of the state, but a symbol of power.  A violência contra a mulher é uma prática antiga e, com o passar do tempo, os crimes de natureza sexual foram se naturalizando ainda mais em conflitos domésticos e internacionais, em que a situação de vulnerabilidade é sentida de forma ainda mais contundente por mulheres que sofrem agressão sexual. O século XX foi marcado por conflitos como o da antiga Iugoslávia, conhecido como um dos marcos da discussão jurídica sobre a violência contra a mulher como crime internacional.  Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, este artigo propõe estudar como o Tribunal Penal Internacional para a antiga Iugoslávia incorporou os crimes de violência sexual na sua normativa e jurisprudência, considerando a prática desses atos de natureza sexual uma estratégia de guerra, em que o principal objetivo é desmoralizar e destruir uma população em função de elementos étnicos e nacionais.  Com a incorporação de gênero na jurisprudência do tribunal, o Tribunal Penal Internacional para a antiga Iugoslávia tipifica os crimes de violência sexual como crime contra humanidade e entende que esse tipo de violação também deveria ser julgado sob o art. 3.º, em condição de Violações das Leis ou Costumes de guerra. A prática desses crimes é muito mais que a simples prática de opressão a um grupo vulnerável por parte do Estado, mas uma imposição do símbolo de poder de gênero.     Abstract: Violence against women is an old practice and, over time, crimes of a sexual nature have been further naturalized in domestic and international conflicts, where the situation of vulnerability is felt even more bluntly by women who suffer sexual assault. The twentieth century was marked by conflicts such as that of the former Yugoslavia, known as one of the milestones of the legal discussion on violence against women as an international crime. Through a bibliographical research, the present article proposes to study how the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia incorporated the crimes of sexual violence in its normative and jurisprudence, considering the practice of these acts of a sexual nature a war strategy, in which the The main objective is to demoralize and destroy a population based on ethnic and national elements. With the incorporation of gender in the jurisprudence of the court, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia typifies crimes of sexual violence as a crime against humanity and understands that this type of violation should also be judged under art. 3, in the condition of Violations of Laws or Customs of war. The practice of these crimes is much more than the simple practice of oppression of a vulnerable group by the state, but an imposition of the symbol of gender power. Keywords: Humans rights; Sexual Violence; International Conflicts; International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.     Recebido em: outubro/2018.Aprovado em: abril/2019