National audienceThe songs of the troubadours, odes from pre-Islamic Arabia and contemporary Tuareg poetry have in common that they present a narrator who tells how much he has suffered because of his separation from the loved one. Listeners (or readers) tend to see this suffering narrator as the author's spokesman - a tendency all the stronger insofar as the author is remote in space or time. Nonetheless they are aware that only someone who knows how to stand back from his suffering can become a poet. On the other hand, the author tends to present the suffering that he has inflicted on his narrator like a test of his own competence as a poet. In turn, the suffering that the public ascribes to the author is assumed to be related to biograph...