Cet article a été publié également dans la Revue de planification fiscale et financière, 2014, vol.34, n°2, p. 251-267.International audienceThe goal of the paper is to show that tax avoidance is of crucial importance for public economics because it reveals its failures but indicates new ways of development. A critical review of positive public economics and of optimal taxation theory is proposed according to the question of avoidance. We show that the purely microeconomic foundations of optimal taxation do not allow the integration of the coercive dimension of taxation, the study of all the costs due to taxation and a correct representation of behaviors in the case of tax evasion. Since the years 1990 a renewal of the hypothesis of public ...