Kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations in neutron-star X-ray binaries: Flattening of the lag spectrum with increasing luminosity

We study the energy-dependent time lags and rms fractional amplitude of the kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs) of a group of neutron-star low-mass X-ray binaries. We find that for the lower kHz QPO both the slope of the best-fitting linear model to the time-lag spectrum and the total rms amplitude integrated over the 2-25 keV energy band decrease exponentially with the luminosity of the source. For the upper kHz QPO, the slope of the time-lag spectrum is consistent with zero, while the total rms amplitude decreases exponentially with the luminosity of the source. We show that both the slope of the time-lag spectrum and the total rms amplitude of the lower kHz QPO are linearly correlated with a slope of ∼1. Finally, we discuss the mechanism that could be responsible for the radiative properties of the kHz QPOs, with the variability originating in a Comptonizing cloud or corona that is coupled to the innermost regions of the accretion disc, close to the neutron star