M. François Gallet, M. Bertrand Fourcade, M. Loïc Auvray, M. Pierre Falson, M. Philippe DevauxBiological membranes are subjected to many nonequilibrium phenomena that are essential for living cells. In order to get a more complete physical description of these membranes, we have studied both theoretically and experimentally the effect of two nonequilibrium processes on the properties and dynamics of membranes. In a first part, we propose a general theory, completely covariant, of fluid membranes which are subjected to exchanges of biological materials (e.g. lipid vesicles, enzymes or membrane proteins). Using this phenomenology to study fluctuations of such membranes, we have shown that under certain conditions these develops an instability...