Dynamics of biomembranes with active multiple-state inclusions

Nonequilibrium dynamics of biomembranes with active multiple-state inclusions is considered. The inclusions represent protein molecules which perform cyclic internal conformational motions driven by the energy brought with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ligands. As protein conformations cyclically change, this induces hydrodynamical flows and also directly affects the local curvature of a membrane. On the other hand, variations in the local curvature of the membrane modify the transition rates between conformational states in a protein, leading to a feedback in the considered system. Moreover, active inclusions can move diffusively through the membrane so that their surface concentration varies. The kinetic description of this system is constructed and the stability of the uniform stationary state is analytically investigated. We show that, as the rate of supply of chemical energy is increased above a certain threshold, this uniform state becomes unstable and stationary or traveling waves spontaneously develop in the system. Such waves are accompanied by periodic spatial variations of the membrane curvature and the inclusion density. For typical parameter values, their characteristic wavelengths are of the order of hundreds of nanometers. For traveling waves, the characteristic frequency is of the order of a thousand Hz or less. The predicted instabilities are possible only if at least three internal inclusion states are present