The prime objective of this work is to subject to an examination some around concepts whose Gallo-Roman rural archaeology was gradually built. Without seeking exhaustiveness, this historiographic analysis is organized around some topics which were selected because they preserve a relative topicality and that they explain current orientations of the discipline. Thus, an attention was paid to the exchanges which marked, with XVIIIe and XIXe c., the emergence of the economic analysis and the rise of a new agrarian history of Rome and of Gaule. It appeared that the questions relating to the consequences of the conquest of Gaule and its invasion at the end of Antiquity were indissociable debates on the State, the origin of the European nations, ...