The work presented in this thesis focuses on asteroseismology of solar-type stars, and more specifically on central stars of planetary systems. The analysis of waves propagating in these stars can help constraining their internal structure. The two first chapters describe the theory and the stellar oscillations and the numerical tools used for this work. The third part deals with HD 52265, target of the CoRoT mission with a planet. We computed preliminary models for this star, taking into account the spectroscopic constraints, and we made some asteroseismic predictions. During this study, we found a seismic signature characteristic of the stellar core. This phenomenon is induced by a strong helium gradient in the core. We studied this effec...