The subject of the thesis focused on the development, characterization and use of semiconductor materials, in which the free carriers have a very short lifetime (picosecond or sub-picosecond) to produce photoconductive antennas emitting and detecting electromagnetic terahertz (THz) radiation. Unlike semiconductor LTG-GaAs (low temperature grown GaAs) which is a well-dominated technology and present exceptional performances when photoexcited by typically less than 0.8 micron wavelength laser pulses, the work focused on here materials for the use of lasers whose wavelengths are those of the optical communication, namely around 1.5 microns. The interest is to benefit from the mature technology of these lasers, and relatively low cost component...