Objective To analyse the early loss of patients to antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in resource-limited settings. Methods Using data on 5491 adult patients starting ART (median age 35 years, 46% female) in 15 treatment programmes in Africa, Asia and South America with ≥ 12 months of follow-up, we investigated risk factors for no follow-up after treatment initiation, and loss to follow-up or death in the first 6 months. Findings Overall, 211 patients (3.8%) had no follow-up, 880 (16.0%) were lost to follow-up and 141 (2.6%) were known to have died in the first 6 months. The probability of no follow-up was higher in 2003–2004 than in 2000 or earlier (odds ratio, OR: 5.06; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.28–20.0), as was loss to follow-u...